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Draft Academic Calendar

The dates of instruction for all schools are displayed on the following pages. Please note that additional dates for final exams, drop/add, and withdraw will be added, and adjustments will be made as necessary.

2020-2021

2020-2021	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	See school websites
Alternate
Holidays	May 25, Jul 3 (observed)
Degree Conferral	Aug 28								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 31			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 7			N/A	Dec 21	N/A	Dec 23	Dec 11	Dec 14	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 8-9	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 10-18	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 31 - Oct 26	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 27 - Dec 23	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 7
Fall Break	Nov 23-27			Nov 26-27		Nov 26-27				Nov 25-27
Degree Conferral	Dec 31								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 4-22	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 18								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 25			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 30			N/A	May 15	N/A	May 21		May 14	N/A
Reading Days	May 3-4	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 5-13	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 25 - Mar 19	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 29 - May 21	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 22-26
Degree Conferral	May 27

2021-2022

2021-2022	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 24 - Aug 17
Alternate		Jun 1 - Jul 15			Jun 1 - Aug 23			May 24 - Aug 13		Jun 1 - Aug 27
Holidays	May 31, Jul 5 (observed)
Degree Conferral	Aug 27								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 30			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 6			N/A	Dec 20	N/A	Dec 23	Dec 10	Dec 13	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 7-8	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 9-17	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 30 - Oct 25	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 27 - Dec 23	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 6
Fall Break	Nov 22-26			Nov 25-26		Nov 25-26				Nov 24-26
Degree Conferral	Dec 31								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 3-21	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 17								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 24			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 29			N/A	May 14	N/A	May 20			N/A
Reading Days	May 2-3	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 4-12	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 24 - Mar 18	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 28 - May 20	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 21-25
Degree Conferral	May 26

2022-2023

2022-2023	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 23 - Aug 17
Alternate		Jun 1 - Jul 15			May 31 - Aug 22			May 23 - Aug 12		May 31 - Aug 26
Holidays	May 30, Jul 4
Degree Conferral	Aug 26								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 29			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 5			N/A	Dec 19	N/A	Dec 23	Dec 9	Dec 12	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 6-7	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 8-16	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 29 - Oct 24	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 26 - Dec 23	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 5
Fall Break	Nov 21-25			Nov 23-25		Nov 23-25				Nov 23-25
Degree Conferral	Dec 30								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 2-20	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 16								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 23			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 28			N/A	May 13	N/A	May 19			N/A
Reading Days	May 1-2	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 3-11	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 23 - Mar 17	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 27 - May 19	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 20-24
Degree Conferral	May 25

2023-2024

2023-2024	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 22 - Aug 16
Alternate		Jun 1 - Jul 17			May 30 - Aug 22			May 22 - Aug 11		May 30 - Aug 25
Holidays	May 29, Jul 4
Degree Conferral	Aug 25								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 28			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 4			N/A	Dec 18	N/A	Dec 22	Dec 8	Dec 11	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 5-6	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 7-15	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 28 - Oct 23	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 25 - Dec 22	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 4
Fall Break	Nov 20-24			Nov 22-24		Nov 22-24				Nov 22-24
Degree Conferral	Dec 29								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 2-19	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 15								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 22			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 26			N/A	May 11	N/A	May 17		May 6	N/A
Reading Days	Apr 29-30	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 1-9	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 22 - Mar 15	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 25 - May 17	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 18-22
Degree Conferral	May 23

2024-2025

2024-2025	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 20 - Aug 14
Alternate		Jun 3 - Jul 17			May 28 - Aug 19			May 20 - Aug 9		May 28 - Aug 23
Holidays	May 27, Jul 4
Degree Conferral	Aug 23								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 26			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 2			N/A	Dec 16	N/A	Dec 20	Dec 6	Dec 9	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 3-4	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 5-13	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 26 - Oct 21	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 23 - Dec 20	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 2
Fall Break	Nov 25-29			Nov 27-29		Nov 27-29				Nov 27-29
Degree Conferral	Dec 31								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 2-17	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 20								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 21			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 28			N/A	May 12	N/A	May 16	May 2		N/A
Reading Days	Apr 29-30	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 1-9	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 21 - Mar 17	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 24 - May 16	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 17-21			Mar 18-21		Mar 18-21				Mar 18-21
Degree Conferral	May 22

2025-2026

2025-2026	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 19 - Aug 13
Alternate		Jun 2 - Jul 16			May 27 - Aug 18			May 19 - Aug 8		May 27 - Aug 22
Holidays	May 26, Jul 4
Degree Conferral	Aug 22								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 25			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 1			N/A	Dec 15	N/A	Dec 19	Dec 5	Dec 8	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 2-3	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 4-12	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 25 - Oct 20	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 22 - Dec 19	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 1
Fall Break	Nov 24-28			Nov 26-28		Nov 26-28				Nov 26-28
Degree Conferral	Dec 31								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 2-16	N/A			N/A			Jan 5-16	N/A
Holiday	Jan 19								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 20			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 27			N/A	May 11	N/A	May 15	May 1		N/A
Reading Days	Apr 28-29	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Apr 30 - May 8	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 20 - Mar 16	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 23 - May 15	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 16-20			Mar 17-20		Mar 17-20				Mar 17-20
Degree Conferral	May 21

2026-2027

2026-2027	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 26 - Aug 17
Alternate		Jun 1 - Jul 15						May 26 - Aug 14		May 26 - Aug 28
Holidays	May 25, Jul 3 (observed)
Degree Conferral	Aug 28								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 31			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 7			N/A	Dec 21	N/A	Dec 23	Dec 11	Dec 14	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 8-9	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 10-18	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 31 - Oct 26	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 27 - Dec 23	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 7
Fall Break	Nov 23-27			Nov 26-27		Nov 26-27				Nov 25-27
Degree Conferral	Dec 31								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 4-22	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 18								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 25			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 30			N/A	May 15	N/A	May 21			N/A
Reading Days	May 3-4	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 5-13	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 25 - Mar 19	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 29 - May 21	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 22-26
Degree Conferral	May 27

2027-2028

2027-2028	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 24 - Aug 17
Alternate		Jun 1 - Jul 16			Jun 1 - Aug 23			May 24 - Aug 13		Jun 1 - Aug 27
Holidays	May 31, Jul 5 (observed)
Degree Conferral	Aug 27								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 30			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 6			N/A	Dec 20	N/A	Dec 23	Dec 10	Dec 13	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 7-8	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 9-17	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 30 - Oct 25	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 27 - Dec 23	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 6
Fall Break	Nov 22-26			Nov 25-26		Nov 25-26				Nov 24-26
Degree Conferral	Dec 31								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 3-21	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 17								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 24			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 28			N/A	May 13	N/A	May 19			N/A
Reading Days	May 1-2	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 3-11	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 24 - Mar 17	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 27 - May 19	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 20-24
Degree Conferral	May 25

2028-2029

2028-2029	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 22 - Aug 16
Alternate		Jun 1 - Jul 17			May 30 - Aug 21			May 22 - Aug 11		May 30 - Aug 25
Holidays	May 29, Jul 4
Degree Conferral	Aug 25								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 28			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 4			N/A	Dec 18	N/A	Dec 22	Dec 8	Dec 11	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 5-6	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 7-15	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 28 - Oct 23	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 25 - Dec 22	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 4
Fall Break	Nov 20-24			Nov 22-24		Nov 22-24
Degree Conferral	Dec 29								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 2-19	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 15								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 22			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 27			N/A	May 12	N/A	May 18			N/A
Reading Days	Apr 30 - May 1	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 2-10	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 22 - Mar 16	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 26 - May 18	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 19-23
Degree Conferral	May 24

2029-2030

2029-2030	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 21 - Aug 15
Alternate		Jun 1 - Jul 17			May 29 - Aug 20			May 21 - Aug 10		May 29 - Aug 24
Holidays	May 28, Jul 4
Degree Conferral	Aug 24								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 27			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 3			N/A	Dec 17	N/A	Dec 21	Dec 7	Dec 10	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 4-5	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 6-14	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 27 - Oct 22	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 24 - Dec 21	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 3
Fall Break	Nov 19-23			Nov 21-23		Nov 21-23				Nov 21-23
Degree Conferral	Dec 31								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 2-18	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 21								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 22			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 29			N/A	May 13	N/A	May 17	May 3		N/A
Reading Days	Apr 30 - May 1	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 2-10	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 22 - Mar 18	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 25 - May 17	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 18-22			Mar 19-22		Mar 19-22				Mar 19-22
Degree Conferral	May 23

2030-2031

2030-2031	University Standard*	Advanced International Studies	Arts & Sciences	Business	Education	Medicine: MD Programs	Medicine: Graduate & PhD Programs**	Nursing	Peabody	Public Health
Standard dates apply unless alternate dates are specified. *Length of courses may vary; check course schedule. N/A: Not applicable to this schedule.
Summer
Classes	May 20 - Aug 14
Alternate		Jun 3 - Jul 17			May 28 - Aug 19			May 20 - Aug 9		May 28 - Aug 23
Holidays	May 27, Jul 4
Degree Conferral	Aug 23								N/A
Fall
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Aug 26			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Dec 2			N/A	Dec 16	N/A	Dec 20	Dec 6	Dec 9	N/A
Reading Days	Dec 3-4	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	Dec 5-13	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 1	Aug 26 - Oct 21	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 2	Oct 23 - Dec 20	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Holiday	Sep 2
Fall Break	Nov 25-29			Nov 27-29		Nov 27-29				Nov 27-29
Degree Conferral	Dec 30								N/A
Intersession
Classes	Jan 2-17	N/A			N/A				N/A
Holiday	Jan 20								N/A
Spring
First Day of Classes (Semester)	Jan 21			N/A		N/A				N/A
Last Day of Classes (Semester)	Apr 28			N/A	May 12	N/A	May 16	May 2		N/A
Reading Days	Apr 29-30	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Exam Days	May 1-9	TBD		TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
8-week Term 3	Jan 21 - Mar 17	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
8-week Term 4	Mar 24 - May 16	N/A	N/A		N/A			N/A	N/A
Spring Break	Mar 17-21
Degree Conferral	May 22

Comments or Questions?

Looking for another Registrar’s Office at JHU?

Advanced Academic Programs (Krieger School of Arts & Sciences part-time graduate programs)
Engineering for Professionals (Whiting School of Engineering part-time graduate programs)
Bloomberg School of Public Health
Carey Business School
Peabody Institute
School of Advanced International Studies
School of Education
School of Medicine
School of Nursing

Academic Calendar Key Features

The calendar was created in consultation with the School Deans’ offices and registrars over the past three years
The calendar will be set and published for ten years to enhance academic and administrative planning.
These common calendars make it easier for students to contemplate and possibly take curricular offerings across the divisions.
Students will be subject to tuition separately for summer programs.
The start dates for semesters and the eight-week instructional periods are aligned. The non-compulsory summer terms continue to vary with fewer instructional patterns.
Although the start dates for the terms may affect current expectations, the common calendars are designed to minimize the adjustments that we all will have to make.